All about anatomy and physiology
· Evolution of the human body
· Similarities and individual differences in the human body
· Definitions in anatomy and physiology
· Common prefixes and suffixes
· Levels of biological organization
· The interdependence of the body’s systems
· Main biological functions
· Anatomical terms and features
· Assessing the client
Unit 1: Cells and tissues
· The structure and properties of cells
· Cell metabolism and nutrition
· The basic principles of homeostasis
· Types and functions of epithelial tissue
· Types and functions of connective tissue
· Types and functions of bone tissue
· Types and functions of muscle tissue
· Types and functions of membranes
· Disorders and diseases of cells and tissues
· Cells and tissues and the ageing process
Unit 2: The skin, hair and nails
· The structure and functions of the skin
· The layers of the epidermis
· The structures found in the dermis
· The subcutaneous layer
· The structure of the hair
· The hair growth cycle
· The structure of the nail
Unit 3: The skeletal system
- The structure of the skeleton
- Functions of the skeleton
- Ossification and growth
- Types of bone tissue
- Classification of bone
- Types of joints
- The structure of synovial joints
- Movement at joints
- Cartilage, ligaments and tendons
- Disorders of bones and joints
- Effects of ageing on the skeletal system
Unit 4: Muscles and the muscular system
- Types of muscle tissues: voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
- The functions and structure of voluntary muscle
- The structure and functions of tendons
- Chief muscles of the shoulders
- Chief muscles of the upper and lower limbs
- Chief muscles of the anterior and posterior aspects of the trunk
- Muscle contraction
- Muscle fatigue
- Variations in muscle performance
- Effect of treatments on muscle performance
- Diseases and disorders of muscles
- Effects of ageing on the muscular system
Unit 5: The blood circulatory system
- The functions of the circulatory system
- The composition of blood
- The types and functions of blood cells
- The functions and structure of blood vessels
- The circulation
- The heart
- Pulse rate and blood pressure
- Diseases and disorders of the blood circulatory system
- Ageing and the blood circulatory system
Unit 6: The lymphatic system
- Components of the lymphatic system
- Functions of the lymphatic system
- The lymphatic pathway
- The major lymph nodes in the body
- The spleen
- The tonsils and adenoids
- The thymus gland
- Disorders and diseases of the lymphatic system
- Ageing and the lymphatic system
Unit 7: The respiratory system.
- The organs of respiration
- Gaseous exchange (the process of respiration)
- The process of breathing
- Different types of breathing
- The effects of pollution on the respiratory system
- Common disorders of the respiratory system
- Ageing and the respiratory system
Unit 8: The nervous system
- The structure and function of a nerve cell
- The structure and function of the central nervous system (CNS)
- The structure and function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- The sensory system
- The structure and function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- The nature of a reflex action
- Disorders and diseases of the nervous system
- The effects of ageing on the nervous system
Unit 9: The endocrine system
- The names and positions of the main endocrine glands
- The names of the functions of the major hormones
- How the pituitary or ‘master gland” regulates the other glands
- Diseases and disorders of the endocrine system
- The effects of ageing on the endocrine system
Unit 10: The digestive system
- The organs and structure of digestion
- The process of digestion from ingestion to elimination
- The metabolism of food including absorption and utilization of nutrients
- The functions of enzymes
- The storage and breakdown of adipose tissue
- The absorption and elimination of water
Unit 11: The excretory and urinary system
- Regulation of body fluids
- Regulation of salts
- Maintenance of pH
- The structure and function of the urinary system
- The location, structure and function of the kidneys
- Urine production and excretion
- The location, structure and function of the large intestine
- The composition and elimination of faeces
- The absorption and elimination of water in the digestive system
- The structure and function of sweat glands
- Diseases and disorders of the excretory system
- The effects of ageing on the excretory system
Unit 12: The reproductive system
- The structure and function of the male reproductive system
- The structure and function of the female reproductive system
- The menstrual cycle
- Fertilisation, pregnancy and birth
- The process of meiosis
- The menopause
- The function and structure of the female breast
- Diseases and disorders of the reproductive system
- The effects of ageing on the reproductive system
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